The Long Sentence

Stacking subordination, splitting focus, and moving words for emphasis

Read a paragraph of El País, a court ruling, or a Vargas Llosa novel and you meet sentences that run for six lines and never lose you. Spanish tolerates — expects — far longer sentences than modern English does. An English editor breaks a sixty-word sentence in three. A Spanish editor leaves it, because Spanish has the machinery to keep it transparent: a richer relative system, freer word order, and a way of splitting a sentence in two to spotlight exactly one part of it.

This lesson is about that machinery. Half of it is comprehension — taking apart a long sentence without rereading. The other half is production — writing one on purpose, which is what separates C1 prose from fluent-but-choppy B2 prose.

1. The three kinds of subordinate clause

Every subordinate clause in Spanish is doing the job of a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Identify which, and a long sentence stops being a wall.

TypeIt replacesTestExample
Sustantivaa nounSwap in esoMe molesta que llegues tarde. → Me molesta eso.
Adjetiva / de relativoan adjectiveSwap in an adjectiveUn libro que enseña mucho. → Un libro instructivo.
Adverbialan adverbSwap in entonces / así / por esoLo hizo porque no tenía opción. → Lo hizo por eso.
The parsing habit. When a sentence runs away from you, find the main verb first — the one with no conjunction in front of it. Everything else hangs off it. This one move solves most C1 reading difficulties.

2. The full relative inventory

B2 gave you que, quien and lo que. Educated written Spanish uses seven, and they are not interchangeable.

RelativeUseExample
queThe default. People or things, with or without a short preposition.El informe que leí…
quien / quienesPeople only. Never restrictive without a preposition or comma.El autor, a quien conocí en Lima, …
el que / la que / los queAfter a preposition; or "the one(s) who"La razón por la que dimitió…
el cual / la cualFormal. Obligatory after multi-syllable prepositions and prepositional phrases.Un acuerdo según el cual las partes…
cuyo / cuya / cuyosPossessive "whose". Agrees with what is possessed, not the owner.Una empresa cuyos beneficios crecen…
donde / adondePlace (= en el que)El pueblo donde nació…
cuando / comoTime / manner, with an explicit antecedentEl día cuando todo cambió…
Three traps.
① Cuyo agrees with the following noun: el escritor cuyas novelas… (novels are feminine plural, the writer is irrelevant). Learners almost always get this backwards.
② After según, mediante, durante, a pesar de, gracias a, en virtud de you need el cual, not que: la ley en virtud de la cual, not *en virtud de que.
③ Cuyo is never a question word. *¿Cuyo es este libro? → ¿De quién es este libro?

3. Stacking — and staying readable

Here is one sentence with five clauses. It is entirely ordinary Spanish:

El informe que la comisión publicó en marzo, y cuyas conclusiones nadie esperaba, sostiene que el modelo fracasó porque se aplicó sin consultar a quienes debían ejecutarlo.

The report the commission published in March, whose conclusions nobody expected, argues that the model failed because it was applied without consulting the people who were to carry it out.

Skeleton: El informe … sostiene … Everything else is decoration hanging off two nouns and one verb.

Spanish keeps this readable with three devices English uses less:

4. Cleft sentences — the Spanish spotlight

English spotlights with stress: "JUAN said it." Spanish can stress too, but its main tool is structural: split the sentence with ser and put one element under the light.

NeutralCleftedSpotlight on
Juan lo dijo.Fue Juan quien lo dijo.who
Lo dijo en Madrid.Fue en Madrid donde lo dijo.where
Se fue por eso.Fue por eso por lo que se fue.why
Llegó entonces.Fue entonces cuando llegó.when
Renuncié.Lo que hice fue renunciar.the action itself
Me molesta su tono.Lo que me molesta es su tono.the thing that bothers
El que galicado. The relative must match the element you spotlighted — quien for people, donde for place, cuando for time, por lo que for cause. Using a bare que for all of them is a calque from French and English that prescriptivists reject, although it is very widespread in American speech.
✗ Fue entonces que llegó.  ✓ Fue entonces cuando llegó.
✗ Fue por eso que renunció.  ✓ Fue por eso por lo que renunció.
In a DELE exam or a formal report, use the matching relative. In conversation in Bogotá or Buenos Aires, nobody will blink at the bare que.

The ser also agrees and can move: Juan fue quien lo dijo, Quien lo dijo fue Juan, Fue Juan quien lo dijo — three word orders, one meaning, increasingly emphatic.

5. Word order as meaning

Spanish word order is flexible, which does not mean it is free. Position carries information: in the unmarked case, old information comes first and new information last. Moving something out of place marks it.

Fronting for contrast

De eso no quiero hablar. — That I don't want to talk about. (…other things, maybe)

A mí no me lo dijeron. — They didn't tell me. (they told someone)

Dinero no tengo, tiempo tampoco. — Money I haven't got; time neither.

Note: when a definite direct object is fronted, the clitic must be repeated — El informe lo terminé ayer, not *El informe terminé ayer. Bare indefinites do not double: Dinero no tengo. Lesson 6 takes this apart properly.

Subject after the verb

Post-verbal subjects are normal, not poetic, in four situations:

SituationExample
Presenting something newLlegó un telegrama.
Unaccusative verbs (happen, appear, remain)Ocurrió un accidente. Falta una firma.
Inside relatives and subordinates…el día en que murió su padre.
In reporting—No lo sé —respondió el testigo.

Fronted predicate — the formal flourish

Difícil es saberlo. — Hard it is to know.

Mucho me temo que no llegue a tiempo. — I very much fear…

Ni una palabra dijo en toda la tarde. — Not one word did she say all afternoon.

6. A parsing routine

For any sentence that resists you, in order:

  1. Find the main verb. It has no subordinating conjunction and no relative in front of it.
  2. Find its subject. It may be after the verb, or absent (recoverable from the ending).
  3. Bracket the relatives. Everything from que / quien / el cual / cuyo / donde to the matching comma modifies the noun immediately before it.
  4. Label the adverbials. porque, aunque, si, cuando, para que, sin que — each opens a clause that answers why, despite what, when, what for.
  5. Read the skeleton alone, then add the branches back.

Aunque la propuesta, que había sido negociada durante meses por un equipo en el que nadie confiaba del todo, se aprobó por unanimidad, el ministro advirtió que su aplicación exigiría recursos de los que el Estado no disponía.

Skeleton: Aunque la propuesta se aprobó por unanimidad, el ministro advirtió que su aplicación exigiría recursos. The rest is two relatives and a nested third.

Practice

Exercise 1: Choose the relative

Exercise 2: Fix the que galicado

Replace the bare que with the relative the element requires.

Exercise 3: Build the cleft

Spotlight the underlined element. Give the two missing words.

Exercise 4: Clitic doubling after fronting

Supply the pronoun, or write nada if none is needed.

Exercise 5: Name the clause type

Answer sustantiva, relativa or adverbial.

Exercise 6: Find the main verb

Give the one main verb of each sentence.

Where this takes you

Long sentences are only half the story. The other half is how Spanish compresses whole clauses into a single non-finite verb — terminada la reunión, de haberlo sabido, al llegar. That compression is the subject of Lesson 3, and it is the fastest way to make your written Spanish sound native.